Gmail recovery email is an old work address that no longer exists

Once you're back in, swap the recovery email for one you'll actually keep, and print a set of backup codes (they're under 2-Step Verification in your Google account security settings). Keep them somewhere offline, they get you in even when the phone and email both fail.

On the recovery screen keep clicking "Try another way". It cycles through the options and the text to your phone should come up as one of them, it's just not always first. If it never offers the phone, Google probably doesn't have that number set as a recovery phone, only as a number on the profile, and those aren't the same thing. Then the best you can do is try from a phone or laptop that's still signed in to that Gmail, or one you used often, on your home wifi. Google trusts a familiar device and location much more than the answers you type.